

This title underscores the difficulties of shunga translation. The word tsui can be interpreted as “couple” or “male and female pairs”. However, Hokusai may have been creating a play on words, as tsui can also be pronounced tsubi, an archaic term for ‘vulva’. The translation “Patterns of Loving Couples” does not acknowledge this sexual connotation. Another title could be “interlocking patterns’ which would refer to kimono patterns, but also ‘sample’, twisting the title into “Samples of Vulvas”.